“There can be no sanction or penalty imposed upon one  because of the exercise of a constitutional  right”.
Sherar v. Cullen,  481 F. 945

Magna Carta
(The Great Charter)
A.D. 1215

The Treaty of Peace with Great Britain of 1783
The people of the states are SOVEREIGN

Treaties are the law of the land and a rule of decision in all courts.
Strother v Lucas 12 Pet. 419, 9 L.Ed. 227

This court cannot go behind,
for the purposes of annulling in whole or in part,
a treaty which founded this Union of several States.
United States v Minnesota, 270 U.S. 181,  46 S.Ct. 298,  70 L.Ed. 539

Declaration of Independence
Adopted in Congress 4 July 1776

SOURCES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
BY C. ELLIS STEVENS, LL.D., D.C.L.
1894
Traces each of the key provisions of the Constitution and Bill of Rights to
their historical sources, showing how each idea and the language to express it evolved.

The Articles of Confederation
Agreed to in Congress, Nov. 15, 1777,
Ratified by the States March 1, 1781

- State v. Federal Citizenship Citations -

“We have in our political system a Government of the United States and a government of each of the several states.  Each is distinct from the other and each has citizens of its own...”
U.S. v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542,  23 L.Ed. 588

- California  -
Is a Sovereign Commonwealth

Constitution of the State of California, 1849

What's state Citizenship and why should I care?

SUBJECT, persons, government. An individual member of a nation, who is subject to the laws; this term is used in contradistinction to citizen, which is applied to the same individual when considering his political rights.  2. In monarchical governments, by subject is meant one who owes  permanent allegiance to the monarch. Vide Body politic; Greenl. Ev. Sec. 286; Phil. & Am. on Ev. 732, n. 1.
 
"The people of this State, as the successors of its former sovereign, are entitled to all the rights which formerly belonged to the King by his prerogative. Through the medium of their Legislature they may exercise all the powers which previous to the Revolution could have been exercised either by the King alone, or by him in conjunction with his Parliament; subject only to those restrictions which have been imposed by the Constitution of this State or of the U.S."
Lansing v. Smith, 21 D. 89., 4 Wendel 9 (1829) (New York)
"D." = Decennial Digest
Lansing v. Smith, 4 Wend. 9 (N.Y.) (1829), 21 Am.Dec. 89
10C Const. Law Sec. 298; 18 C Em.Dom. Sec. 3, 228;
37 C Nav.Wat. Sec. 219; Nuls Sec. 1`67; 48 C Wharves Sec. 3, 7.
NOTE: Am.Dec.=American Decision, Wend. = Wendell (N.Y.)
- State v. Federal Citizenship -
Richard McDonald Articles

"... the states are separate sovereigns with respect to the federal government"

  Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82

- Definition of  "U.S." -

"The government of the United States is a foreign corporation with respect to a state."
In re Merriam, 36 N. E. 505, 141 N. Y. 479, affirmed 16 S. Ct. 1073, 163 U. S. 625, 41 L.Ed. 287.

CALIFORNIA COMMERCIAL CODE
SECTION 9301-9342

  9307.  (h) The United States is located in the District of Columbia.

 Civil Rights Act of April 9, 1866

"granted" rights to "persons".
The "persons" to whom rights were granted by the federal government were the former slaves,  not the sovereign people of the states of the union.   Prior to the adoption of this act there was NO legally recognized class known as:
"U.S. citizens"

NONE of the "Founding Fathers" were "U.S. citizens" and NO such class of citizenship was recognized until 1866..  These men were state Citizens of one of the sovereign and independent freely associated compact states.

Are you a "PERSON"?
(You might want to verify just in case)
 

 The “Conspiracy Theory” of the Fourteenth Amendment

"The unmistakable inference was that the Joint Committee had taken cognizance of these appeals and had drafted it’s text with particular regard for corporations.  ...the Joint Committee had distinguished in it’s drafts in the use of the words ‘person’ and ‘citizen’.  Under no circumstances could the terms have been confused."
Your LABOR is your Private Property
Unalienableand other Fundamental Rights
References and Court Citations,

- 4th & 5th Amendment Court Citations -
and other useful information concerning your rights & obligations as a Citizen

    Right of Private Property   
   Executive Order D - 79 - 89   
Issued by Cal Governor George Dukemejian

- U.S. Constitution -
Fourth Amendment
 Search and Seizure
Amendment Text - Annotations

Fifth Amendment
 Right of  Due Process
Amendment Text - Annotations

Ninth Amendment
Rights Retained By The People
Amendment Text - Annotations

Tenth Amendment
Reserved Powers
Amendment Text - Annotations

Declaration of  Human Rights
Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948
 

For more information regarding these and related issues please visit:

Richard McDonald's state Citizen Service Center
Richard McDonald is a researcher and educator of law & state Citizenship.

The Constitution Society

The Avalon Project

    The Codes  of  California
(Main Page)

Civil Code
Code of Civil Procedure
Commercial Code
Evidence Code
Government Code
Penal Code
Probate Code
Vehicle Code

Download - Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856 - Free

You have rights antecedent to all earthly governments; rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws; rights derived from the Great Legislator of the Universe."
John Adams, Second President of the United States

“Citizens under our Constitution and laws mean free inhabitants…Free citizens and freeman is endowed with certain rights and privileges, to enjoy which no written law or statute is required.  These are fundamental or natural rights, recognized among all free people...  ...and is indisputable…”
United States v. Morris,  125 F. Rep.  325, 331

Find Law - U.S. Supreme Court Opinions - decisions since 1893 


United States Reports - Bound Volumes
1991 - 2005

California Case Law
1934 to Present - FREE

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- Historical Documents Reading Room -

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